אחד האתגרים העיקריים בתרגום לשפות זרות הוא, איך לשמור גם על התוכן וגם על האמצעים האומנותיים. בתנ"ך, למשל, ישנם הרבה פרקים המסודרים לפי סדר א"ב. כשמתרגמים אותם לשפה זרה, זה לא פשוט לוודא שגם התרגום יהיה מסודר בסדר אלפביתי של אותה שפה.
אחד המתרגמים שהצליח בכך הוא
רונאלד קנוקס (Ronald Knox).
בתרגום התנ"ך שלו לאנגלית, כל הפרקים האלפבתיים מסודרים לפי ה-ABC (באלפבית האנגלי יש 26 אותיות, וכמובן רק 22 מהן מנוצלות).
הנה, לדוגמה, תרגומו לשיר "אשת חיל" (
ספר משלי פרק לא):
A man who has found a vigorous wife has found a rare treasure, brought
from distant shores.
Bound to her in loving confidence, he will have no
need of spoil.
Content, not sorrow, she will bring him as long as life
lasts.
Does she not busy herself with wool and thread, plying her hands
with ready skill?
Ever she steers her course like some merchant ship,
bringing provision from far away.
From early dawn she is up, assigning
food to the household, so that each waiting-woman has her share.
Ground
must be examined, and bought, and planted out as a vineyard, with the
earnings of her toil.
How briskly she girds herself to the task, how
tireless are her arms!
Industry, she knows, is well rewarded, and all
night long her lamp does not go out.
Jealously she sets her hands to
work, her fingers clutch the spindle.
Kindly is her welcome to the poor,
her purse ever open to those in need.
Let the snow lie cold if it will,
she has no fears for her household; no servant of hers but is warmly
clad.
Made by her own hands was the coverlet on her bed, the clothes of
lawn and purple that she wears.
None so honoured at the city gate as
that husband of hers, when he sits in council with the elders of the
land.
Often she will sell linen of her own weaving, or make a girdle for
the travelling merchant to buy.
Protected by her own industry and good
repute, she greets the morrow with a smile.
Ripe wisdom governs her
speech, but it is kindly instruction she gives.
She keeps watch over all
that goes on in her house, not content to go through life eating and
sleeping.
That is why her children are the first to call her blessed,
her husband is loud in her praise:
Unrivalled are you among all the
women that have enriched their homes.
Vain are the winning ways, beauty
is a snare; it is the woman who fears the Lord that will achieve renown.
Work such as hers claims its reward; let her life be spoken of with
praise at the city gates.
והנה תרגומו ל"אשרי" (
ספר תהלים פרק קמד):
(Praises. Of David.)
AND shall I not extol you, my God, my king; shall I not bless your name
for ever and for evermore?
Blessing shall be yours, day after day; for
ever and for evermore praised be your name.
Can any praise be worthy of
the Lord's majesty, any thought set limits to his greatness?
Down the
ages the story of your deeds is told, your power is ever acclaimed;
each
magnifies your unapproachable glory, makes known your wonders.
Fearful
are the tales they tell of your power, proclaiming your magnificence;
grateful their memory of all your goodness, as they boast of your just
dealings.
How gracious the Lord is, how merciful, how patient, how rich
in pity!
Is he not a loving Lord to his whole creation; does not his
mercy reach out to all that he has made?
Joining, then, Lord, in your whole creation's praise, let your faithful
servants bless you;
let them publish the glory of your kingdom, and
discourse of your power,
making that power known to the race of men, the
glory, the splendour of that kingdom!
No age shall dawn but shall see
you reigning still; generations pass, and your rule shall endure.
O how
true the Lord is to all his promises, how gracious in all his dealings!
Prostrate though men may fall, the Lord will lift them up, will revive
their crushed spirits.
Quietly, Lord, your creatures raise their eyes to you, and you grant
them, in due time, their nourishment,
ready to open your hand, and fill
with your blessing all that lives.
So faithful the Lord is in all he
does, so gracious in all his dealings.
The Lord draws near to every man
that calls upon him, will he but call upon him with a true heart.
Utter
but the wish, you that fear the Lord, and he will grant it, will hear
the cry, and bring aid.
Vigilantly the Lord watches over all that love
him, marks down the wicked for destruction.
While these lips tell of the
Lord's praise, let all that lives bless his holy name, for ever, and
for evermore.
והנה תרגומו ל
ספר איכה פרק א:
Alone she dwells, the city erewhile so populous; a widow now, once a
queen among the nations; tributary now, that once had provinces at her
command.
Be sure she weeps; there in the darkness her cheeks are wet with tears;
of all that courted her, none left to console her, all those lovers
grown weary of her, and turned into enemies.
Cruel the suffering and the bondage of Juda's exile; that she must needs
dwell among the heathen! Nor respite can she find; close at her heels
the pursuit, and peril on either hand.
Desolate, the streets of Sion; no flocking, now, to the assembly; the
gateways lie deserted. Sighs priest, and the maidens go in mourning, so
bitter the grief that hangs over all.
Exultant, now, her invaders; with her enemies nothing goes amiss. For
her many sins, the Lord has brought doom on her, and all her children
have gone into exile, driven before the oppressor.
Fled is her beauty, the Sion that was once so fair; her chieftains have
yielded their ground before the pursuer, strengthless as rams that can
find no pasture.
Grievous the memories she holds, of the hour when all her ancient
glories passed from her, when her people fell defenceless before the
invader, unresisting before an enemy that derided them.
Heinously Jerusalem sinned; what wonder if she became an outlaw? How
they fell to despising her when they saw her shame, that once flattered
her! Deeply she sighed, and turned away her head.
Ill might skirts of her robe the defilement conceal; alas, so reckless
of her doom, alas, fallen so low, with none to comfort her! Mark it
well, Lord; see how humbled I, how exultant my adversary!
Jealous hands were laid on all she so treasured; so it was that she must
see Gentiles profane her sanctuary, Gentiles, by your ordinance from
the assembly debarred.
Kindred was none but went sighing for is lack of bread, offered its
precious heirlooms for food to revive men's hearts. Mark it well, Lord,
and see my pride abased!
Look well, you that pass by, and say if there was ever grief like this
grief of mine; never a grape on the vineyard left to glean, when the
Lord's threat of vengeance is fulfilled.
Must fire from heaven waste my whole being, ere I can learn my lesson?
Must he catch me in a net, to drag me back from my course? Desolate he
leaves me, to pine away all the day long with grief.
No respite it gives me, the yoke of guilt I bear, by his hand fastened
down upon my neck; see, I faint under it! The Lord has given me up a
prisoner to duress there is no escaping.
Of all I had, the Lord has taken away the noblest; lost to me, all the
flower of my chivalry, under his strict audit; Sion, poor maid, here was
a wine-press well trodden down!
Pray you, should I not weep? Fountains
these eyes are, that needs must flow; comforter is none at hand, that
should revive my spirits. Lost to me, all those sons of mine, outmatched
by their enemy.
Quest for consolation is vain, let her plead where she will; neighbours
of Jacob, so the Lord decrees, are Jacob's enemies, and all around they
shrink from her, as from a thing unclean.
Right the Lord has in his quarrel; I have set his commands at defiance. O
world, take warning; see what pangs I suffer, all my folk gone into
exile, both man and maid.
So false the friends that were once my suitors! And now the city lacks
priests and elders both, that went begging their bread, to revive the
heart in them.
Take note, Lord, of my anguish, how my bosom burns, and my heart melts
within me, in bitter ruth. And all the while, sword threatens without,
and death not less cruel within.
Uncomforted my sorrow, but not unheard; my enemies hear it, and rejoice
that my miseries are of your contriving. Ah, but when your promise comes
true, they shall feel my pangs!
Vintager who did leave my boughs so bare, for my much offending, mark
well their cruelty, and strip these too in their turn; here be sighs a
many, and a sad heart to claim it.
תרגיל לקוראים: תרגמו בעצמכם את תהלים קיט!...